CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.5.4 Buffers
Buffers A buffer solution is a solution in which the pH does not change a lot when small amounts of acids or alkalis are added A buffer solution is used to keep the pH almost constant A buffer can ...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.5.3 pH & [H+] Calculations
Calculating [H+] & pH If the concentration of H+ of an acid or alkali is known, the pH can be calculated using the equation: pH = -log [H+] Similarly, the concentration of H+ of a solution can ...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.5.2 pH, Ka, pKa & Kw Calculations
Calculating pH, Ka, pKA & Kw pH The pH indicates the acidity or basicity of an acid or alkali The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 Acids have pH between 0-7 Pure water is neutral and has a pH of 7 Ba...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.5.1 Acids & Bases
Conjugate Acids & Bases A Brønsted acid is a species that can donate a proton For example, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a Brønsted acid as it can lose a proton to form a hydrogen (H+) and chlorid...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.4.6 Standard Electrode Potentials: Free Energy Change
Calculating Free Energy Change Using Standard Electrode Potentials The standard free energy change can be calculated using the standard cell potential of an electrochemical cell ΔGꝋ = - n x Ecellꝋ ...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.4.5 Nernst Equation
The Nernst Equation Under non-standard conditions, the cell potential of the half-cells is shown by the symbol Ecell The effect of changes in temperature and ion concentration on the Ecell can be d...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.4.4 Non-Standard Conditions
Effect of Concentration on Electrode Potential Changes in temperature and concentration of aqueous ions will affect the standard electrode potential (Eꝋ) of a half-cell Under these non-standard con...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.4.3 Electrochemical Series & Redox Equations
Electrochemical Series The Eꝋ values of a species indicate how easily they can get oxidised or reduced In other words, they indicate the relative reactivity of elements, compounds and ions as oxidi...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记5.4.2 Standard Cell Potential: Calculations, Electron Flow & Feasibility
Calculating Standard Cell Potential Once the standard electrode potentials (Eꝋ) of the half-cells are determined, the standard cell potential (Ecellꝋ) can be calculated by subtracting the less posi...
