Enthalpy & Bond Energies During a reaction, enthalpy changes take place because bonds are being broken and formed Energy (in the form of heat) is needed to overcome attractive forces between at...
Enthalpy Changes at Standard Conditions To fairly compare the changes in enthalpy between reactions, all reactions should be carried out under standard conditions These standard conditions are: A p...
Energy Level Diagrams An energy level diagram is a diagram that shows the energies of the reactants, the transition state(s) and the products of the reaction with time The transition state is a sta...
Enthalpy Changes The total chemical energy inside a substance is called the enthalpy (or heat content) When chemical reactions take place, changes in chemical energy take place and therefore the en...
Effects of Bonding & Structure on Physical Properties Different types of structure and bonding have different effects on the physical properties of substances such as their melting and boiling ...
Lattice Structures Most ionic, metallic and covalent compounds are crystalline lattice The ions, atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular and repeating arrangement Giant ionic lattices An ionic...
Gases: Ideal Gas Law & Equation Kinetic theory of gases The kinetic theory of gases states that molecules in gases are constantly moving The theory makes the following assumptions: The gas mole...
Gases: Gas Pressure Gases in a container exert a pressure as the gas molecule are constantly colliding with the wall of the container Gas particles exert a pressure by constantly colliding with the...
Dot & Cross Diagrams Dot and cross diagrams are diagrams that show the arrangement of the outer-shell electrons in an ionic or covalent compound or element The electrons are shown as dots and c...
