Radians A radian (rad) is defined as: The angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle Radians are used whenever describing the angular displaceme...
Deriving the Energy-Momentum Relation The equation for calculating the kinetic energy Ek of a particle m moving at velocity v is given by: The formula for the momentum p of the same particle is: Co...
Elastic & Inelastic Collisions In both collisions and explosions, momentum is always conserved However, kinetic energy might not always be A collision (or explosion) is either: Elastic – if the...
Core Practical 10: Investigating Collisions using ICT Aims of the Experiment To investigate conservation of momentum in two directions Considering if collisions are elastic Constructing a diagram o...
Applying Conservation of Linear Momentum The principle of conservation of linear momentum states: The total momentum before a collision = the total momentum after a collision provided no external f...
Core Practical 9: Investigating Impulse Aims of the Experiment To determine the change in momentum of a trolley due to a force acting on it This is known as the impulse Variables Independent variab...
Impulse Force is defined as the rate of change of momentum on a body The change in momentum is defined as the final momentum minus the initial momentum These can be expressed as follows: Def...
Atomic Line Spectra An emission line spectrum is produced when: An excited electron in an atom moves from a higher to a lower energy level and emits a photon with an energy corresponding to the dif...
The Particle Nature of EM Radiation The Particle Nature of Light In classical wave theory, electromagnetic (EM) radiation is assumed to behave as a wave This is demonstrated by the fact EM radiatio...
