CIE A Level Biology复习笔记13.1.1 Chloroplasts
Chloroplast Structures & their Functions Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs Each chloroplast is surrounded by a double-membrane envelope Each of the enve...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.11 Aerobic Respiration: Effect of Temperature & Substrate Concentration
Effect of Temperature & Substrate Concentration A redox indicator is a substance that changes colour when it is reduced or oxidised DCPIP and methylene blue are redox indicators They are used t...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.10 Anaerobic Adaptation of Rice
Anaerobic Adaptations of Rice Flooding is a major problem when growing crops As water rises and it covers the different parts of a plant it can create problems: Plant roots don’t get the oxygen the...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.9 Energy Yield: Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration In cells there is a much greater energy yield from respiration in aerobic conditions than in anaerobic conditions In anaerobic respiration glucose is only partia...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.8 Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration Sometimes cells experience conditions with little or no oxygen There are several consequences when there is not enough oxygen available for respiration: There is no final acce...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.7 Aerobic Respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation is the last stage of aerobic respiration It takes place at the inner membrane of the mitochondria Several steps occur: Hydrogen atoms are donated...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.6 Aerobic Respiration: Role of NAD & FAD
Aerobic Respiration: Role of NAD and FAD Coenzymes NAD and FAD play a critical role in aerobic respiration When hydrogen atoms become available at different points during respiration NAD and FAD ac...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.5 Aerobic Respiration: The Krebs Cycle
Aerobic Respiration: Outline of the Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle (sometimes called the citric acid cycle) consists of a series of enzyme-controlled reactions Acetyl CoA (2C) enters the circular path...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.4 Aerobic Respiration: The Link Reaction
Aerobic Respiration: Entering the Link Reaction The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate Pyruvate contains a substantial amount of chemical energy that can be further utilised in respiration to pr...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.3 Aerobic Respiration: Glycolysis
Aerobic Respiration: Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves: Trapping glucose in the cell by phosphorylating the molecule S...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.2 The Four Stages in Aerobic Respiration
The Four Stages in Aerobic Respiration Glucose is the main respiratory substrate used by cells Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down a respiratory substrate in order to produce ATP us...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.2.1 Structure & Function of Mitochondria
Structure & Function of the Mitochondria Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles 0.5 - 1.0 µm in diameter They are the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells The function of mitochondri...
