Addition Polymerisation: Polythene & PVC Addition polymerisation Addition polymerisation is one of the most important addition reactions of alkenes which form the basis of the plastic industry ...
Production of Nitriles Nitriles are compounds with a -CN functional group They can be prepared from the nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes Propanenitrile, an example of a nitrile Reaction...
Production of Amines Amines are compounds with the amine (-NH2) functional group They can be produced as a result of nucleophilic substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes when they are heated unde...
Production of Esters Esters are compounds with an -COOR functional group and are characterised by their sweet and fruity smells They are prepared from the condensation reaction between a carboxylic...
Production of Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are compounds with a -COOH functional group They can be prepared by a series of different reactions Oxidation of primary alcohols & aldehydes Car...
Iodoform Reaction Tri-iodomethane (also called iodoform) forms a yellow precipitate with methyl ketones Methyl ketones are compounds that have a CH3CO-group Ethanal also contains a CH3CO- group and...
Testing for Carbonyls: 2,4-DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (also known as 2,4-DNPH) is a reagent which detects the presence of carbonyl compounds (compounds with -C=O group) The carbonyl group of a...
Reaction of Hydrogen Cyanide with Aldehydes & Ketones The carbonyl group -C=O, in aldehydes and ketones is polarised The oxygen atom is more electronegative than carbon drawing electron density...
Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones Reduction of aldehyde & ketones Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by reducing agents such as NaBH4 or LiAlH4 Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols Ke...
Production of Aldehydes & Ketones Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds containing a C=O group They can be prepared from the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols respectively Oxid...
Acidity of Alcohols Alcohols have a low degree of dissociation This means, that when dissolved in water, alcohol molecules do not dissociate (split up) to a great extent ROH (aq) ⇄ RO- (aq) + H+ (a...
Classifying Alcohols Primary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to one other carbon atom (or alkyl group) Secondary alcohols are alcohols in which th...
