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Calculating Entropy Changes The standard entropy change (ΔSsystemꝋ ) for a given reaction can be calculated using the standard entropies (Sꝋ ) of the reactants and products The equation to calculat...
Defining Entropy The entropy (S) of a given system is the number of possible arrangements of the particles and their energy in a given system In other words, it is a measure of how disordered a sys...
Enthalpy of Hydration: Ionic Charge & Radius The standard enthalpy change of hydration (ΔHhydꝋ) is affected by the amount that the ions are attracted to the water molecules The factors which af...
Energy Cycle Calculations The energy cycle involving the enthalpy change of solution (ΔHsolꝋ ), lattice energy (ΔHlattꝋ), and enthalpy change of hydration (ΔHhydꝋ) can be used to calculate the diff...
Energy Cycle Using Enthalpy Changes & Lattice Energy The standard enthalpy change of hydration (ΔHhydꝋ) can be calculated by constructing energy cycles and applying Hess’s law Energy cycle invo...
Enthalpy Change of Hydration & Solution Enthalpy change of solution The standard enthalpy change of solution (ΔHsolꝋ) is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of an ionic substance dissolves in suffi...
Lattice Energy: Ionic Charge & Radius The two key factors which affect lattice energy, ΔHlattꝋ, are the charge and radius of the ions that make up the crystalline lattice Ionic radius The latti...
Calculations Using Born-Haber Cycles Once a Born-Haber cycle has been constructed, it is possible to calculate the lattice energy (ΔHlattꝋ) by applying Hess’s law and rearranging: ΔHfꝋ = ΔHatꝋ + ΔH...
Constructing Born-Haber Cycles To calculate the lattice energy (ΔHlattꝋ) of an ionic compound, a Born-Haber cycle is used, which is a special type of energy cycle To find the ΔHlattꝋ of an ionic co...
