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Calculating pH of Buffer Solutions The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated using: The Ka of the weak acid The equilibrium concentration of the weak acid and its conjugate base (salt) To deter...
Buffers A buffer solution is a solution in which the pH does not change a lot when small amounts of acids or alkalis are added A buffer solution is used to keep the pH almost constant A buffer can ...
Calculating [H+] & pH If the concentration of H+ of an acid or alkali is known, the pH can be calculated using the equation: pH = -log [H+] Similarly, the concentration of H+ of a solution can ...
Calculating pH, Ka, pKA & Kw pH The pH indicates the acidity or basicity of an acid or alkali The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 Acids have pH between 0-7 Pure water is neutral and has a pH of 7 Ba...
Conjugate Acids & Bases A Brønsted acid is a species that can donate a proton For example, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a Brønsted acid as it can lose a proton to form a hydrogen (H+) and chlorid...
Calculating Free Energy Change Using Standard Electrode Potentials The standard free energy change can be calculated using the standard cell potential of an electrochemical cell ΔGꝋ = - n x Ecellꝋ ...
The Nernst Equation Under non-standard conditions, the cell potential of the half-cells is shown by the symbol Ecell The effect of changes in temperature and ion concentration on the Ecell can be d...
Effect of Concentration on Electrode Potential Changes in temperature and concentration of aqueous ions will affect the standard electrode potential (Eꝋ) of a half-cell Under these non-standard con...
Electrochemical Series The Eꝋ values of a species indicate how easily they can get oxidised or reduced In other words, they indicate the relative reactivity of elements, compounds and ions as oxidi...
