Activation Energy For a reaction to take place, the reactant particles need to overcome a minimum amount of energy This energy is called the activation energy (Ea) In exothermic reactions the react...
Rate of Reaction: Concentration & Pressure Concentration The more concentrated a solution is, the greater the number of particles in a given volume of solvent An increase in concentration cause...
Rate of Reaction: Collision Theory Reaction rate The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place and has units mol dm-3 s-1 The rate of a reaction can be calculated by:...
Indicators Indicators are substances that change colour when they are added to acidic or alkaline solutions When choosing the appropriate indicator, the pH of the equivalence point is very importan...
pH Titration Curves What are pH titration curves Titration is a technique used in neutralisation reactions between acids and alkalis to determine the concentration of the unknown solution It involv...
Strong & Weak Acids & Bases Strong and weak acids can be distinguished from each other by their: pH value (using a pH meter or universal indicator) Electrical conductivity Reactivity pH An ...
The pH Scale The pH scale is a numerical scale that shows how acidic or alkaline a solution is The values on the pH scale go from 1-14 (extremely acidic substances have values of below 1) All acids...
Acid & Base Dissociation Strong acids A strong acid is an acid that dissociates almost completely in aqueous solutions HCl (hydrochloric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid) and H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) The ...
Brønsted–Lowry Theory The Brønsted-Lowry Theory defines acids and bases in terms of proton transfer between chemical compounds A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a species that gives away a proton (H+) A Brø...
Common Acids An acid is a substance that neutralises a base forming a salt and water: 2HCl(aq) + CaO(s) ⇌ CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) acid salt Acids react with bases to form ...
Haber & Contact Processes Equilibrium reactions are involved in some stages of large-scale production of certain chemicals An understanding of equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s principle is theref...
Changes that Affect the Equilibrium Constant Changes in concentration If all other conditions stay the same, the equilibrium constant Kc is not affected by any changes in concentration of the react...
