Measurement of an Enthalpy Change REQUIRED PRACTICAL 2 Measuring enthalpy changes Calorimetry is a technique used to measure changes in enthalpy of chemical reactions A calorimeter can be ma...
Volumetric Analysis REQUIRED PRACTICAL 1 Performing the Titration The key piece of equipment used in the titration is the burette Burettes are usually marked to a precision of 0.10 cm3 Since...
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Electrophilic addition Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions In an electrophilic addition reaction, two reactants form only one product So, elect...
Mechanism: Elimination In an elimination reaction, a small molecule is removed leaving behind an alkene This is another reaction of halogenoalkanes The halogenoalkanes are heated with ethano...
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons ‘Nucleophile’ means ‘nucleus/positive charge loving’ as nucleophiles are at...
Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution Chain reactions A free radical is a species with one (or more than one) unpaired electrons The diagram shows a free radical which has one unpaired electr...
Interpreting a Mass Spectrum Mass spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds The molecules in the small sample are bombarded with high energy electrons which ...
Elimination Reactions Elimination Reaction of Alcohols Alcohols can also undergo dehydration to form alkenes This is an example of an elimination reaction Elimination reactions involve a sma...
Combustion of Alcohols Combustion of alcohols Alcohols react with oxygen in the air when ignited and undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water alcohol + oxygen → carbon di...
申请英本直升，一般最晚需要在当年6-7月前提供最终雅思成绩，因为若不能及时提供合格雅思成绩，便无法换取无条件offer。比如，LSE需要学生在7.31之前递交语言成绩。 眼看着DDL越来越近，然而一些手握offer的A2同...
Oxidation of Alcohols Oxidation of alcohols Primary alcohols can be oxidised to form aldehydes which can undergo further oxidation to form carboxylic acids Secondary alcohols can be oxidised to for...
Alcohol Production Alcohols are compounds that contain at least one hydroxy (-OH) group The general formula of alcohols is CnH2n+1OH Alcohols can be prepared by a wide range of chemical reac...
