Hess' Law Calculations You must make sure that you can apply Hess' Law effectively and calculate enthalpy changes in different situations Remember - it is the data that is important Check wh...
Using Hess' Law Calculating ΔHr from ΔHf using Hess’s Law energy cycles The products can be directly formed from the elements = ΔH2 OR The products can be indirectly formed from the elements...
Calorimetry Measuring enthalpy changes Calorimetry is the measurement enthalpy changes in chemical reactions A simple calorimeter can be made from a polystyrene drinking cup, a vacuum flask ...
Enthalpy Changes The total chemical energy inside a substance is called the enthalpy (or heat content) When chemical reactions take place, changes in chemical energy take place and therefore...
Energy Level Diagrams An energy level diagram is a diagram that shows the energies of the reactants, the transition state(s) and the products of the reaction as the reaction proceeds ( calle...
Influence of Intermolecular Forces Properties of water Hydrogen bonding in water, causes it to have anomalous properties such as high melting and boiling points, high surface tension and a h...
Intramolecular Forces vs. Intermolecular Forces Intramolecular forces Intramolecular forces are forces within a molecule and are usually covalent bonds Covalent bonds are formed when the out...
Electronegativity Electronegativity is the power of an atom to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond towards itself The electron distribution in a covalent bond between elements w...
Effects of Bonding & Structure on Physical Properties Different types of structure and bonding have different effects on the physical properties of substances such as their melting and b...
