Bond Length & Bond Strength Bond energy The bond energy is the energy required to break one mole of a particular covalent bond in the gaseous states Bond energy has units of kJ mol-1 &nb...
Covalent Dot-and-Cross Diagrams Covalent compounds The atoms in covalent compounds will share their outer valence electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration Dot-and-cross diagrams of cov...
Covalent Bonding Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metals A covalent bond involves the electrostatic attraction between nuclei of two atoms and the bonding electrons of their outer she...
Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds Most ionic, metallic and covalent solids are crystalline lattices The ions, atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular and repeating arrangement Gian...
Ionic Radius Ionic radius The ionic radius of an element is a measure of the size of an ion Ionic radii show predictable patterns Ionic radii increase with increasing negative charge Ionic r...
Ionic Dot-and-Cross Diagrams Dot and cross diagrams are diagrams that show the arrangement of the outer-shell electrons in an ionic or covalent compound or element The electrons are shown as...
Ionic Bonds As a general rule, metals are on the left of the periodic table and nonmetals are on the right-hand side Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from a metallic element to a no...
Melting & Boiling Point Trends Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number and placed in vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods) The ...
Electronic Configurations of Atoms & Ions The principal quantum shells increase in energy with increasing principal quantum number E.g. n = 4 is higher in energy than n = 2 The su...
