Free Radical Substitution Mechanism Alkanes can undergo free-radical substitution in which a hydrogen atom gets substituted by a halogen (chlorine/bromine) Ultraviolet light (sunlight) is needed fo...
Combustion & Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes Alkanes are combusted (burnt) on a large scale for their use as fuels They also react in free-radical substitution reactions to form more react...
Production of Alkanes: Hydrogenation & Cracking Alkanes are hydrocarbons that can be produced by the addition reaction of hydrogen to an alkene or by cracking of longer alkane chains Production...
Deducing Isomers of a Compound You should be able to deduce all possible isomers for organic compounds knowing their molecular formula Worked example: Isomers of dibromopropane Step 1: Draw the str...
Chirality & Enantiomers Chiral centres in non-cyclic molecules A chiral centre in a molecule is a carbon atom that has four different atoms or group of atoms attached This gives rise to two opt...
Stereoisomerism: Geometrical & Optical Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same atoms connected to each other, however the atoms are differently arranged in space There are two types of s...
Structural Isomerism: Chain, Position & Functional Group Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae Eg. propene and cyclopropane Bot...
Planar Molecules Planar molecules have all their atoms in the same plane Eg. linear, bent, trigonal planar and square planar Molecules which have all their atoms in the same plane The presence of a...
Hybridised Atoms: Shapes & Bond Angles in Molecules Each carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell (electronic configuration: 1s22s22p2) Carbon atoms share these four electrons in four ...
