The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The hybridoma method is a method used to make monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) The me...
Antibodies: Structure & Functions Structure Antibodies are globular glycoproteins called immunoglobulins Antibodies have a quaternary structure (which is represented as Y-shaped), with two ‘hea...
Memory Cells & Long-Term Immunity During an immune response, B-lymphocytes form two types of cell: plasma cells and memory cells Memory cells form the basis of immunological memory – the cells ...
Primary Immune Response (Advanced) Lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell They play an important part in the specific immune response They are smaller than phagocytes They have a large nu...
Antigens, Self & Non-Self Every cell in the human body has markers that identify it Microorganisms (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic), such as bacteria and viruses, also have their own unique...
Phagocytes: Origin & Mode of Action Phagocytes are white blood cells that are produced continuously in the bone marrow They are stored in the bone marrow before being distributed around the bod...
Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance Consequences of antibiotic resistance Commonly prescribed antibiotics are becoming less effective for many reasons, the main being: Overuse of antibiotics and ...
Resistance to Antibiotics: An Outline Within a bacterial population, there is variation caused by mutations (as occurs in populations of all species) A chance mutation might cause some bacteria to ...
Penicillin: Why it Affects Bacteria & Not Viruses Antibiotics are drugs that kill or stop the growth of bacteria (prokaryotes) but do not harm the cells of the infected organism Some antibiotic...
