Rate Equation Calculations The rate constant (k) of a reaction can be calculated using the initial rates and the rate equation Calculating the rate constant from the initial rate The reactio...
Deducing Orders Order of reaction For the general reaction A + B → C + D The order of reaction shows how the concentration of a reactant affects the rate of reaction Rate = k [A]m [B]n When ...
2022年夏季大考，CAIE、爱德思、牛津AQA成绩何时放榜？ CAIE考试局 2022年8月11日：AS&A Level成绩公布 2022年8月17日：Pre-U成绩公布 2022年8月18日：IGCSE和O Level成绩公布 爱德思考试局 2022.8.18：IAS&a...
Reaction Feasibility The Gibbs equation can be used to calculate whether a reaction is feasible or not ΔGꝋ = ΔHreactionꝋ - TΔSsystemꝋ When ΔGꝋ is negative, the reaction is feasible and likel...
Gibbs Free Energy Gibbs free energy As we have seen in the previous sections, the feasibility of a reaction is determined by two factors, the enthalpy change and the entropy change The two f...
Entropy You may have wondered why it is that endothermic reactions occur at all, after all, what can be the driving force behind endothermic reactions if the products end up in a less stable...
Solution & Hydration Enthalpy of solution The standard enthalpy change of solution (ΔHsolꝋ) is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of an ionic substance dissolves in sufficient water to form...
Comparing Lattice Enthalpies How accurate are lattice enthalpies? It is possible to calculate a theoretical value for the lattice enthalpy of an ionic solid. To do this you need to know the ...
Calculations Using Born-Haber Cycles Once a Born-Haber cycle has been constructed, it is possible to calculate the lattice energy (ΔHlattꝋ) by applying Hess’s law and rearranging: ΔHfꝋ = ΔHa...
