Predicting Shapes & Bond Angles Before you predict the shape of any molecule work out the Lewis structure to determine the number of bonding and lone pairs Apply the VSEPR rules and you should ...
Shapes of Molecules When an atom forms a covalent bond with another atom, the electrons in the different bonds and the non-bonding electrons in the outer shell all behave as negatively charged clou...
Resonance Structures The delocalization of electrons can explain the structures of some species that don’t seem to fit with a Lewis structure Delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion ...
Lewis Structures Lewis structures are simplified electron shell diagrams and show pairs of electrons around atoms. A pair of electrons can be represented by dots, crosses, a combination of dots and...
Bond Polarity When two atoms in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity the covalent bond is nonpolar The two chlorine atoms have identical electronegativities so the bonding electrons are ...
Covalent Bonds Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metals A covalent bond involves the electrostatic attraction between nuclei of two atoms and the electrons of their outer shells No electrons ...
Solving Equations Graphically Solving (simultaneous) equations graphically This is a way to solve simultaneous equations (see Simultaneous Equations) Coordinates of the intersections are the...
Reciprocal Graphs - Sketching What are reciprocal graphs? Reciprocal graphs involve equations with an Χ term on the denominator e.g. There are two basic reciprocal graphs to know for A level...
Formulae & Names of Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds are formed from a metal and a nonmetal bonded together Ionic compounds are electrically neutral; the positive charges equal the negative char...
