Spontaneous Reactions Gibbs free energy provides an effective way of focusing on a reaction system at constant temperature and pressure to determine its spontaneity For a reaction to be spontaneous...
Gibbs Free Energy Change Gibbs free energy The feasibility of a reaction is determined by two factors, the enthalpy change and the [popover id="F7rfknVfbfcSJVkN" label='entropy change'] The two fa...
Calculating Standard Entropy Change The standard molar enthalpy values, Sꝋ, relate to standard conditions of temperature and pressure The entropy change, ΔSꝋ, can be calculated from thermodynamic d...
斯坦福大学——“硅谷的核心” 很难讲是斯坦福成就了硅谷，还是硅谷成就了斯坦福。毫无疑问，如果没有硅谷，斯坦福今天最多不过是一所二流偏上的大学，但是，没有斯坦福，硅谷恐怕难以支撑他们长达半个世纪的繁荣。 ...
Entropy Entropy You may have wondered why it is that endothermic reactions occur at all, after all, what can be the driving force behind endothermic reactions if the products end up in a less stabl...
Measuring Energy Changes in the Lab Enthalpies of Solution Calorimetry can be used to find the energy change in chemical reactions. This is much easier to carry out in aqueous solutions We can take...
Dissolution Energy Cycles How are enthalpy of solution and hydration enthalpies related? The relationship between lattice enthalpy, hydration enthalpies and enthalpy of solution From the diagram we...
Born-Haber Cycle Calculations Once a Born-Haber cycle has been constructed, it is possible to calculate the lattice energy (ΔHlatꝋ) by applying Hess’s law and rearranging: ΔHfꝋ = ΔHatꝋ + ΔHatꝋ + IE...
Constructing Born-Haber Cycles A Born-Haber cycle is a specific application of Hess's Law for ionic compounds and enables us to calculate lattice enthalpy, which cannot be found by experiment The b...
