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Edexcel IGCSE Geography 复习笔记 3.2.3 Impacts of Natural Hazards

Category: IGCSE课程, 国际课程, 教材笔记, 福利干货 Date: 2022年7月22日下午6:34

Edexcel IGCSE Geography 复习笔记 3.2.3 Impacts of Natural Hazards

Impacts of Natural Hazards

Natural hazards are when they affect people; they have both short and long term impacts

Short & Long Term Impacts of Hazard Events

Short Term Impacts	Long Term Impacts
Damage to properties from high wind, heavy rain and storm surges, power cables and telephone lines	Rebuilding of homes, schools, infrastructure and businesses can take time
Impact on businesses, tourism and transport	Cost of rebuilding affects the economy, increased unemployment
Landslides	Stricter building codes introduced
Deaths and injuries, decrease in quality of life	Mental health, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Crops destroyed, impacting on farmers incomes and increasing food prices	Risk assessment and hazard mapping reviewed
Habitat destruction

Exam Tip

In the exam you may be asked to analyse the short and long term impacts of an earthquake event. In your answer you need to consider:

Why short and long term impacts vary - the size and magnitude of the event
What are the main short and long term impacts
How the impacts are affected by the level of development, location and accessibility of the area
What are the knock-on effects of some impacts e.g. water supplies being contaminated can lead to disease

Case Study: Impacts of Tropical Cyclones

Name - Haiyan (Yolanda)
Location - Philippines, Vietnam and Taiwan
Date - November 2013
Magnitude - Category 5
Highest wind speed - 315km/h
Storm surge - up to 6m
Rainfall - 282mm in 12 hours

Path of Tropical Cyclone Haiyan (Yolanda)

Short Term Impacts	Long Term Impacts
Estimated 6400 deaths	Cost US$5.8 billion
4.1 million people made homeless	Build Back Better launched in 2014 to upgrade buildings to reduce the damage from future tropical cyclones. However, by 2016 only 1% of target of 200,000 homes had been achieved
90% Tacloban destroyed	No build zone along the Eastern Visayas coastline
Roads blocked by debris and landslides	Storm surge warning system
Electricity supply down in some areas for six weeks	Mangroves replanted
Airport at Tacloban badly damaged	Tropical storm shelters built inland
1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed	One year on 4 million people still in temporary shelters
33 million coconut trees destroyed	Six months after in Tacloban access to clean water was still limited
1.1 million homes damaged or destroyed
14 million people affected
Landslides

Case Study: Impacts of Earthquakes

Name - Gorkha
Location - Nepal
Date - 25th April 2015
Epicentre - Barpak village, 60km north-west of Kathmandu (capital)
Depth - 15km
Magnitude - 7.8
Plate boundary - Collision plate where Indian plate collides with the Eurasian plate

Landslides triggered by the Gorkha earthquake

Short Term Impacts	Longer Term Impacts
Approximately 8600 deaths	Cost US$10 billion
19,000 injuries	7000 schools rebuilt
Avalanches on Mount Everest and in the Langtang valley	Two years later 70% of displaced people still in temporary shelters
Roads blocked due to landslides	Stricter building codes introduced - but not always enforced
Landslides - village of Ghodatabela covered, leading to 250 deaths	Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided US$3 million grant
Over 600,000 houses destroyed and over 250,000 damaged	Grants of US$3000 for people to rebuild homes - Many have not re-paid this 5 years later
UNESCO World Heritage sites destroyed - Changu Narayan Temple and Dharahara Tower
8,300 Schools damaged or destroyed
1,000 health centres destroyed

Case Study: Impact of Volcanoes

Name - Mount Merapi
Location - Java, Indonesia
Date - 25th October -30th November 2010
Magnitude - VEI 4
Plate boundary - Destructive plate boundary where the Indo-Australian plate is subducting below the Eurasian plate
Type of volcano - Stratovolcano or composite

Ash fall on village near to Mount Merapi

Short Term Impacts	Long Term Impacts
353 deaths	Hazard map updated and exclusion zone expanded permanently to 2.5km
577 injuries	0ver 2,500 residents moved to permanent new homes
Pyroclastic flow travelled 3km	Money given to farmers by the government to replace livestock and crops
Volcanic ash fell up to 480km away	Improved monitoring
30cm of ash covered nearby villages including Bronggang 15km from the volcano and Yogyakarta	Increased education to inform people of what to do and where to go in the event of another eruption
Exclusion zone extended to 20km	Dams built to hold back lahars
Roads blocked	Soils will be more fertile due to the minerals contained in the falling ash
Food prices increase
350,000 people evacuated
Schools and airports closed
Lahars
Decrease in tourism income

Exam Tip

Remember, whether you use the case studies here or ones you have completed in class, in the exam you will be expected to know some facts and figures from case studies. These are place specific details and is what the examiner will be looking for in higher level answers.

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