Edexcel IGCSE Geography 复习笔记 2.3.1 Conflict at the Coast
Edexcel IGCSE Geography 复习笔记 2.3.1 Conflict at the Coast
Conflict Between Development & Conservation
- Careful management of coastal regions is necessary to ensure sustainability
- Coastal environments are used for a variety of purposes:
- Development
- Homes
- Shops
- Hotels
- Roads
- Schools
- Restaurants etc.
- Nature reserves
- Industry
- Fishing and aquaculture
- Tourism
- Agriculture
- Ports and harbours
- Development
- These different activities bring people and ecosystems into conflict
- In other words there is competition for space
- Conflict arises when coastal development is given a higher priority than coastal conservation
Exam Tip
Make sure you consider all the options here. Conflict resolution can be achieved by a mix of strategies, but achieving this is not always straightforward. Therefore, you need to be able to debate this.
Conflict Between Coastal Users
- Conflicts between coastal users are referred to as conflicts between stakeholders
- It is important to note that wildlife are also considered a stakeholder
- Wildlife want an unpolluted, safe and quiet environment
- Local residents want jobs, clean beaches, affordable housing, jobs, schools
- Tourists want beaches, hotels, B&Bs, entertainment, holiday homes, marinas
- Employers want building space, offices, factories
- Developers want areas by the sea for tourists - hotels, duplexes, golf courses
- Fishermen want harbours, unpolluted waters, ease of access to the sea
- Farmers want well-drained land, sheltered from prevailing winds
- Government and Councils want to build offshore wind farms, coastal defences
- Transport companies want good road networks, well-connected ports and terminal
- The needs of different stakeholders can often conflict with one another as they all compete for the same resources
Relationship between Stakeholders and Coastal Zone Issues
| Stakeholder Activity | Consequences | Outcomes |
| Agriculture | Fertiliser and pesticide over use, increased livestock density, over water abstraction, animal waste disposal, land reclamation | Species and habitat loss, eutrophication, water pollution, coastal squeeze |
| Urbanisation and Transport | Change of land use (car parks, ports etc.) waste disposal, pollution, water abstraction, hard road surfaces | Increased flooding, congestion, pollution, loss of habitats, increase in weeds and invasive species |
| Tourism and Recreation | Harbours, marinas, waste disposal, fuel spillages, change of land use, water abstraction, effluent disposal | Congestion and pollution (noise, light, visual, aroma), loss of habitats, loss of species, litter and fuel spills |
| Fisheries and Aquaculture | Ports, fish processing facilities, trawlers, road networks, lorries, fishing gear, fish farm pollution, water abstraction | Overfishing, pollution on beaches, habitat damage, water pollution, aroma, visual and noise pollution from trawlers, increased sea gull activity |
| Industry | Land use change, change in tidal range, power stations (nuclear and gas), natural resource extraction, road networks, cooling water/abstraction, waste pollution - chemical, biological, nuclear etc. | Thermal pollution, habitat destruction, change and loss, water eutrophication, water pollution, visual eyesore |
- The level of conflict varies depending on who and what the needs are
- This can be shown in a conflict matrix
Conflict Matrix
Exam Tip
A conflict matrix is just one way to display information & is subjective in its response. You may not agree with the above levels of conflict, that is fine, so long as you can justify why you disagree or agree.
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