2026 (Poland)IPO国际哲学奥林匹克竞赛主题
TOPIC 1
The origin of action – its efficient, not its final cause – is choice, and that of choice is desire and reasoning with a view to an end. This is why choice cannot exist either without reason and intellect or without a moral state; for good action and its opposite cannot exist without a combination of intellect and character.
Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, 1139a30-35, translated by David Ross, London: Oxford University Press, 1925.
TOPIC 2
How could there be destruction
Without becoming?
How could there be death without birth?
There is no destruction without becoming.
Nagarjuna, Mulamadhyamakakarika, The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way. Chapter XXI, 2. Translation and Commentary by Jay L. Garfield. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
TOPIC 3
Thinking reed. It is not in space that I must look for my dignity, but in the organization of my thoughts. I shall have no advantage in owning estates. Through space the universe grasps and engulfs me like a pinpoint; through thought I can grasp it.
Blaise Pascal, 1999. Pensees, § 145. Transl. by Honor Levy. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 36.
TOPIC 4
We live in a fantasy world, a world of illusion. The great task in life is to find reality.
Iris Murdoch, “Life, Reality, Tasks,” The Times, 15 April 1983.
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