Halogenation of Alkanes Free-radical substitution of alkanes Alkanes can undergo free-radical substitution in which a hydrogen atom gets substituted by a halogen (chlorine/bromine) Since alkanes a...
Unreactive Alkanes Strength of C-H bonds Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded together by single bonds Unless a lot of heat is supplied, it is difficult to break these stro...
Benzene Kekulé structure for benzene Kekulé suggested that benzene was a hexagon with three double bonds It was therefore equivalent to three ethene molecules Problems with Kekulé’s structure for b...
Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Atoms Alcohols and halogenoalkanes Primary alcohols and halogenoalkanes are those in which the carbon atom bonded to the functional group is attached to one other...
3-D Modelling Representing 3-D molecules on a 2D surface is not easy and the best way to understand 3-D structures is to use modelling kits or 3-D modelling software, such as ACD Labs ChemSketch Fo...
Organic Nitrogen Compounds Amines There are three organic nitrogen families that you need to know: amines, amides and nitriles Amine is the name given to compounds containing the functional group a...
Carboxylic Acids & Esters Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids is the name given to compounds containing the functional group carboxyl, -COOH The general formula of a carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COO...
Carbonyls Carbonyl is the collective name for compounds containing the functional group C=O The general formula of a carbonyl is CnH2nO The two sub-families of carbonyls are aldehyde and ketone (kn...
Alcohols & Ethers Alcohols Alcohols are a family of molecules that contain the hydroxyl functional group, -OH Their general formula is CnH2n+1OH The nomenclature of alcohols follows the patter...
Halogenoalkanes Halogenoalkanes or Haloalkanes have the general molecular formula, CnH2n+1X, where X represents a halogen Haloalkanes are named using the prefix chloro-, bromo- or iodo-, with the e...
Alkanes Hydrocarbons are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only There are four families of hydrocarbons you should know: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes Alkanes have the general molecul...
Nomenclature Systematic nomenclature can be used to name organic compounds and therefore make it easier to refer to them The alkanes provide the basis of the naming system and the stem of each name...
