Graphing the Arrhenius Equation Finding the Activation Energy Very often, the Arrhenius equation is used to calculate the activation energy of a reaction A question will either give sufficient info...
The Arrhenius Equation The rate equation shows how each of the reactants in a reaction effects the rate of the reaction and it includes the rate constant, k However, k only remains constant if the ...
Mechanism Problems Chemical kinetics can only suggest a reaction mechanism, they cannot prove it However, they can be used to disprove a proposed mechanism Elementary steps are the steps involved i...
近日全英学生调查 (NSS) 发布了2022年英国大学满意度调查结果，324329名学生参加了调查，英国每所大学都会参与NSS，还有一些学院和其他高等教育机构也参与其中。 英国学生办公室 (OfS) 表示，NSS收集学生对课程质...
Molecularity & Rate Determining Step Rate-determining step & intermediates A chemical reaction can only go as fast as the slowest part of the reaction So, the rate-determining step is the s...
Graphical Representations of Reaction Order Reaction Order Using Concentration-Time Graphs In a zero-order reaction, the concentration of the reactant is inversely proportional to time This means t...
Rate Constants The rate constant, (k), of a reaction can be calculated using the initial rates and the rate equation Calculating the rate constant from the initial rate The reaction of sodium carbo...
Rate Equations The rate of reaction can be found by: Measuring the decrease in the concentration of a reactant over time Measuring the increase in the concentration of a product over time The unit...
Free Energy & Equilibrium When ΔG < 0 for a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the reaction is spontaneous When a reversible reaction reaches equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy i...
Spontaneous Reactions Gibbs free energy provides an effective way of focusing on a reaction system at constant temperature and pressure to determine its spontaneity For a reaction to be spontaneous...
Gibbs Free Energy Change Gibbs free energy The feasibility of a reaction is determined by two factors, the enthalpy change and the [popover id="F7rfknVfbfcSJVkN" label='entropy change'] The two fa...
Calculating Standard Entropy Change The standard molar enthalpy values, Sꝋ, relate to standard conditions of temperature and pressure The entropy change, ΔSꝋ, can be calculated from thermodynamic d...
