Standard Enthalpy Change Standard conditions To compare the changes in enthalpy between reactions, all thermodynamic measurements are made under standard conditions These standard conditions are: A...
Temperature & Kinetic Energy What is the difference between heat and temperature? This can be illustrated using a beaker of boiling water and a pipette: The effects of boiling water can be quit...
Alloys Alloys are mixtures of metals, where the metals are mixed together physically but are not chemically combined They can also be made from metals mixed with nonmetals such as carbon Ions of th...
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Trends in Melting Points of Metals The strength of electrostatic attraction can be increased by: Increasing the number of delocalised electrons per metal atom Increasing the positive charges on the...
Metallic Bonding Metal atoms are tightly packed together in lattice structures When the metal atoms are in lattice structures, the electrons in their outer shells are free to move throughout the st...
Properties of Covalent Compounds The physical properties of molecular covalent compounds are largely influenced by their intermolecular forces If you know the type of intermolecular forces present ...
Deducing Intermolecular Forces In order to deduce the types of intermolecular forces present in molecules you need information about the structure and chemical formula of the molecules The chemical...
Intermolecular Forces There are no covalent bonds between molecules in molecular covalent compounds. There are, however, forces of attraction between these molecules, and it is these which must be ...
Giant Covalent Structures Covalent lattices Covalent bonds are bonds between nonmetals in which electrons are shared between the atoms In some cases, it is not possible to satisfy the bonding capac...
Molecular Polarity Assigning polarity to molecules There is a difference between bond polarity and molecular polarity To determine whether a molecule is polar, the following things have to be take...
Predicting Shapes & Bond Angles Before you predict the shape of any molecule work out the Lewis structure to determine the number of bonding and lone pairs Apply the VSEPR rules and you should ...
