CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.4 Types of Immunity
Types of Immunity Active immunity Active immunity is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response (antibodies are produced) Active immunity is naturally acquired t...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.3 Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be used diagnostically for: Pregnancy tests Diagnosing HIV Detecting the presence of pathogens such a...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.2 Making Monoclonal Antibodies
The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The hybridoma method is a method used to make monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) The me...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.1 Antibodies
Antibodies: Structure & Functions Structure Antibodies are globular glycoproteins called immunoglobulins Antibodies have a quaternary structure (which is represented as Y-shaped), with two ‘hea...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.4 Memory Cells & Immunity
Memory Cells & Long-Term Immunity During an immune response, B-lymphocytes form two types of cell: plasma cells and memory cells Memory cells form the basis of immunological memory – the cells ...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.3 Primary Immune Response
Primary Immune Response (Advanced) Lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell They play an important part in the specific immune response They are smaller than phagocytes They have a large nu...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.2 Antigens
Antigens, Self & Non-Self Every cell in the human body has markers that identify it Microorganisms (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic), such as bacteria and viruses, also have their own unique...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.1 Phagocytes
Phagocytes: Origin & Mode of Action Phagocytes are white blood cells that are produced continuously in the bone marrow They are stored in the bone marrow before being distributed around the bod...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记10.2.3 Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance
Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance Consequences of antibiotic resistance Commonly prescribed antibiotics are becoming less effective for many reasons, the main being: Overuse of antibiotics and ...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记10.2.2 Antibiotic Resistance
Resistance to Antibiotics: An Outline Within a bacterial population, there is variation caused by mutations (as occurs in populations of all species) A chance mutation might cause some bacteria to ...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记10.2.1 Penicillin
Penicillin: Why it Affects Bacteria & Not Viruses Antibiotics are drugs that kill or stop the growth of bacteria (prokaryotes) but do not harm the cells of the infected organism Some antibiotic...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记10.1.3 Prevention & Control of Disease
Factors for Prevention & Control of Common Diseases Prevention & control of cholera Cholera occurs when people do not have access to effective sanitation facilities and access to clean wate...
