The Four Stages in Aerobic Respiration Glucose is the main respiratory substrate used by cells Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down a respiratory substrate in order to produce ATP us...
Structure & Function of the Mitochondria Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles 0.5 - 1.0 µm in diameter They are the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells The function of mitochondri...
Investigating RQs Respirometers are used to measure and investigate the rate of oxygen consumption during respiration in organisms They can also be used to calculate respiratory quotients The exper...
Respiratory Quotient (RQ) The respiratory quotient (RQ) is: the ratio of carbon dioxide molecules produced to oxygen molecules taken in during respiration RQ = CO2 / O2 The formula for the Respirat...
Energy Values of Respiratory Substrates Glucose is the main respiratory substrate for aerobic respiration in most cells When the supply of glucose in a cell has been used up a cell may continue res...
ATP: Universal Energy Currency Energy released during the reactions of respiration is transferred to the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ATP is a small and soluble molecule that provides a sh...
The Need for Energy Living organisms are composed of cells, and within each cell, many activities and processes are constantly being carried out to maintain life Work in a living organism requires ...
Vaccination to Control Disease With the exception of the great success story surrounding the eradication of Smallpox following a ten year global initiative in 1980 no other pathogen has been eradic...
How Vaccines Work A vaccine is a suspension of antigens that are intentionally put into the body to induce artificial active immunity. A specific immune response where antibodies are released by pl...
Types of Immunity Active immunity Active immunity is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response (antibodies are produced) Active immunity is naturally acquired t...
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be used diagnostically for: Pregnancy tests Diagnosing HIV Detecting the presence of pathogens such a...
The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The hybridoma method is a method used to make monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) The me...
