Multi-Step Synthetic Routes Many organic molecules are made in multi-step synthetic routes Students should be able to recall the different reactions each functional group undergoes and apply this k...
Elucidating Organic Molecules Students should be able to identify organic functional groups and recall their properties and the reactions that they undergo Properties of functional groups In additi...
Poly(alkenes) & Biodegradability Many of the polymers in use have been produced through addition polymerisation of alkenes The (poly)alkene chains are non-polar and saturated This makes them ch...
Predicting Type of Polymerisation When a set of monomers are given in an exam question, the type of polymerisation can be determined Firstly, it’s important to identify the key functional groups in...
Deducing the Repeat Unit of a Condensation Polymer In condensation polymerisation the monomers either contain 2 of the same functional group or one single monomer has both functional groups needed ...
Formation of Polyamides Amide link Polyamides are also formed using condensation polymerisation An amide link - also known as a peptide link - is the key functional group in a polyamide Monomers A ...
Formation of Polyesters Addition polymerisation has been covered in reactions of alkenes They are made using monomers that have C-C double bonds joined together to form polymers such as (poly)ethen...
Electrophoresis Electrophoresis is an analytical technique which separates ions by placing them in an electrical field This method is often used in biochemical analysis to identify and purify prote...
Formation of Peptide Bonds Each amino acid contains an amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) group The -NH2 group of one amino acid can react with the -COOH group of another amino acid in a cond...
Acid / Base Properties of Amino Acids, Zwitterions & the Isoelectric Point Amino acids are organic compounds that contain two functional groups: A basic amino (-NH2) group An acidic carboxylic ...
Relative Basicity of Amides & Amines A base is a species that can donate its lone pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond with another species Amines are basic as the nitrogen atom has...
Reactions of Amides Amides are formed from the condensation reaction of carboxylic acids or acyl chlorides with ammonia or amines The amide group (CONR2) in these compounds can undergo reactions in...
