Intermolecular Forces & Physical Properties Branching The larger the surface area of a molecule, the more contact it will have with adjacent molecules The surface area of a molecule is r...
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Hydrogen Bonding Interactions Examples of compounds that can form hydrogen bonds are: Alcohols (contains an O-H bond) Ammonia (contains an N-H bond) Amines (contains an N-H bond) Carboxylic ...
Intermolecular Forces Intramolecular forces Intramolecular forces are forces within a molecule and are usually covalent bonds Covalent bonds are formed when the outer electrons of two atoms ...
Defining Electronegativity Electronegativity is the power of an atom to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond towards itself The electron distribution in a covalent bond between e...
Electron Pair Repulsion & Shape The valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) predicts the shape and bond angles of molecules Electrons are negatively charged and will repel o...
Bond Length & Bond Strength Bond energy The bond energy is the energy required to break one mole of a particular covalent bond in the gaseous states Bond energy has units of kJ mol-1 &nb...
Covalent Dot-and-Cross Diagrams Covalent compounds The atoms in covalent compounds will share their outer valence electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration Dot-and-cross diagrams of cov...
Covalent Bonding Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metals A covalent bond involves the electrostatic attraction between nuclei of two atoms and the bonding electrons of their outer she...
Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds Most ionic, metallic and covalent solids are crystalline lattices The ions, atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular and repeating arrangement Gian...
Ionic Radius Ionic radius The ionic radius of an element is a measure of the size of an ion Ionic radii show predictable patterns Ionic radii increase with increasing negative charge Ionic r...
Ionic Dot-and-Cross Diagrams Dot and cross diagrams are diagrams that show the arrangement of the outer-shell electrons in an ionic or covalent compound or element The electrons are shown as...
