Random & Systematic Errors Measurements of quantities are made with the aim of finding the true value of that quantity In reality, it is impossible to obtain the true value of any quantity as t...
Orders of Magnitude When a number is expressed in an order of 10, this is an order of magnitude. Example: If a number is described as 3 × 108 then that number is actually 3 × 100 000 000 The order ...
Scientific Notation & Metric Multipliers Scientific Notation In physics, measured quantities cover a large range from the very large to the very small Scientific notation is a form that is base...
SI Base Quantities International System (S.I.) Units There is a seemingly endless number of units in Physics These can all be reduced to seven base units from which every other unit can be derived ...
Structure Identification Problems The chemists' toolkit includes a range of analytical techniques that enable the structure of compounds to be deduced Summary table of analytical techniques These t...
X-Ray Crystallography When visible light waves interact with objects the light is scattered, transmitted and reflected – this gives us information about the macroscopic world However, at the scale ...
High Resolution NMR In the first part of NMR spectroscopy, we have seen that the nuclei of H atoms behave as tiny magnets and can interact with an applied magnetic field Only atoms with odd mass nu...
Optical Isomers Optical isomers A carbon atom that has four different atoms or groups of atoms attached to it is called a chiral carbon or chiral centre Chira comes from a Greek word meaning hand, ...
Cis-Trans & E/Z Isomers Configurational isomerism can be seen in unsaturated compounds, cyclic structures or compounds that contain at least one asymmetric carbon (sometimes called a chiral cen...
