Oxidizing & Reducing Agents Oxidising agent An oxidising agent is a substance that oxidises another atom or ion by causing it to lose electrons An oxidising agent itself gets reduced – gains el...
Deducing Oxidation Numbers The oxidation numbers of all other atoms in their compounds can vary By following the oxidation number rules, the oxidation number of any atom in a compound or ion can be...
Oxidation & Reduction There are three definitions of oxidation and reduction used in different branches of chemistry Oxidation and reduction can be used to describe any of the following proces...
Reducing Sulfur Oxide Emissions The removal of sulfur from fossil fuels can either take place pre-combustion or post-combustion The oxides of sulfur, SO2 and SO3, are both acidic and toxic gases S...
Effects of acid deposition Effect on materials Acid deposition can react with metals and rocks (such as limestone) causing buildings and statues to get damaged The impact of acid deposition can be ...
Acid Deposition What is acid deposition? Rain is naturally acidic because of dissolved CO2 which forms carbonic acid H2O (l) + CO2 (g) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq) Carbonic acid is a weak acid and dissociates in...
Comparing Strong & Weak Acids Strong and weak acids can be distinguished from each other by their: pH value (using a pH meter or universal indicator) Electrical conductivity Reactivity pH value...
Strong & Weak Acids & Bases Strong acids A strong acid is an acid that dissociates almost completely in aqueous solutions HCl (hydrochloric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid) and H2SO4 (sulfuric aci...
pH Meters & Universal Indicator The most accurate way to determine the pH is by reading it off a pH meter The pH meter is connected to the pH electrode which shows the pH value of the solution ...
