Calculating Rates of Reaction To measure the rate of a reaction, we need to be able to measure either how quickly the reactants are used up or how quickly the products are formed The method ...
Collision Theory & Rates Collision Theory When reactants come together the kinetic energy they possess means their particles will collide and some of these collisions will result in chem...
Bond Enthalpy Definitions When bonds are broken or made enthalpy changes take place A chemical bond is a force of attraction between two atoms Breaking the bond requires the input of energy ...
Constructing Hess Cycles In 1840, the Russian chemist Germain Hess formulated a law which went on to be known as Hess’s Law This went on to form the basis of one of the laws of thermodynamics. The ...
Calculating Energy Transferred, Q Measuring enthalpy changes Calorimetry is the measurement enthalpy changes in chemical reactions A simple calorimeter can be made from a polystyrene drinkin...
Enthalpy Level Diagrams The total chemical energy inside a substance is called the enthalpy (or heat content) When chemical reactions take place, changes in chemical energy take place and th...
Enthalpy Change Definitions To be able to compare the changes in enthalpy between reactions, all thermodynamic measurements are carried out under standard conditions These standard condition...
Yield & Atom Economy Percentage yield In a lot of reactions, not all reactants react to form products which can be due to several factors: Other reactions take place simultaneously The r...
Error & Uncertainty An error is the difference between a value or quantity obtained in an experiment and an accepted or literature value for an experiment There are two types of errors i...
