Structure Identification Problems The chemists' toolkit includes a range of analytical techniques that enable the structure of compounds to be deduced Summary table of analytical techniques These t...
X-Ray Crystallography When visible light waves interact with objects the light is scattered, transmitted and reflected – this gives us information about the macroscopic world However, at the scale ...
High Resolution NMR In the first part of NMR spectroscopy, we have seen that the nuclei of H atoms behave as tiny magnets and can interact with an applied magnetic field Only atoms with odd mass nu...
Optical Isomers Optical isomers A carbon atom that has four different atoms or groups of atoms attached to it is called a chiral carbon or chiral centre Chira comes from a Greek word meaning hand, ...
Cis-Trans & E/Z Isomers Configurational isomerism can be seen in unsaturated compounds, cyclic structures or compounds that contain at least one asymmetric carbon (sometimes called a chiral cen...
Conformational & Configurational Isomers Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms Isomers can be grouped into various categories, as shown...
Organic Synthesis It is possible to make a large number of organic products from a few starting compounds and the necessary reagents and conditions Knowing how organic functional groups are related...
Reduction Reactions Carbonyl compounds Alcohols can be oxidised to carbonyl compounds in the presence of a suitable oxidising agent Primary alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid Secondary alcohol → ...
The Structure of Benzene In normal, everyday conversation the word 'aromatic' is used to refer to pleasant, fragrant smells However, in chemistry, it is used to describe molecules that contain one ...
