Feynman Diagrams Feynman diagrams are a clear way of representing particle interactions in terms of their incoming and outgoing particles and exchange particles Although there are many variations o...
Fundamental Forces The Strong Nuclear Force In the nucleus, there are electrostatic forces between the protons due to their electric charge and gravitational forces due to their mass Comparatively,...
Particle Conservation Laws Charge Electric charge must be conserved during particle interactions This means charge must have the same value overall before and after the interaction Charge is found ...
Hadrons, Baryons & Mesons Hadrons are the group of subatomic particles that are made up of quarks These may be either a: Baryon (3 quarks) Meson (quark and anti-quark pair) Hadrons may be eithe...
Quarks & Leptons Quarks Quarks are fundamental particles that make up other subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons Protons and neutrons are in a category of particles called hadrons H...
The Rutherford-Geiger-Marsden Experiment Evidence for the structure of the atom was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in the beginning of the 20th century from the study of α-particle scattering The ...
Binding Energy per Nucleon Curve In order to compare nuclear stability, it is more useful to look at the binding energy per nucleon The binding energy per nucleon is defined as: The binding energy ...
Nuclear Fission & Fusion Nuclear Fusion Fusion is defined as: The joining of two small nuclei to produce a larger nucleus Low mass nuclei (such as hydrogen and helium) can undergo fusion and re...
Mass Defect & Nuclear Binding Energy Energy & Mass Equivalence Einstein showed in his Theory of Relativity that matter can be considered a form of energy and hence, he proposed: Mass can be...
