CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.5 How Vaccines work
How Vaccines Work A vaccine is a suspension of antigens that are intentionally put into the body to induce artificial active immunity. A specific immune response where antibodies are released by pl...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.4 Types of Immunity
Types of Immunity Active immunity Active immunity is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response (antibodies are produced) Active immunity is naturally acquired t...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.3 Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be used diagnostically for: Pregnancy tests Diagnosing HIV Detecting the presence of pathogens such a...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.2 Making Monoclonal Antibodies
The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The hybridoma method is a method used to make monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) The me...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.1 Antibodies
Antibodies: Structure & Functions Structure Antibodies are globular glycoproteins called immunoglobulins Antibodies have a quaternary structure (which is represented as Y-shaped), with two ‘hea...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.4 Memory Cells & Immunity
Memory Cells & Long-Term Immunity During an immune response, B-lymphocytes form two types of cell: plasma cells and memory cells Memory cells form the basis of immunological memory – the cells ...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.3 Primary Immune Response
Primary Immune Response (Advanced) Lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell They play an important part in the specific immune response They are smaller than phagocytes They have a large nu...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.2 Antigens
Antigens, Self & Non-Self Every cell in the human body has markers that identify it Microorganisms (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic), such as bacteria and viruses, also have their own unique...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.1 Phagocytes
Phagocytes: Origin & Mode of Action Phagocytes are white blood cells that are produced continuously in the bone marrow They are stored in the bone marrow before being distributed around the bod...
