Brønsted–Lowry Theory The Brønsted-Lowry Theory defines acids and bases in terms of proton transfer between chemical compounds A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a species that gives away a proton (H+) A Brø...
Common Acids An acid is a substance that neutralises a base forming a salt and water: 2HCl(aq) + CaO(s) ⇌ CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) acid salt Acids react with bases to form ...
Haber & Contact Processes Equilibrium reactions are involved in some stages of large-scale production of certain chemicals An understanding of equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s principle is theref...
Changes that Affect the Equilibrium Constant Changes in concentration If all other conditions stay the same, the equilibrium constant Kc is not affected by any changes in concentration of the react...
Equilibrium Constant: Calculations Calculations involving Kc In the equilibrium expression each figure within a square bracket represents the concentration in mol dm-3 The units of Kc therefore dep...
Equilibrium Constant: Concentrations Equilibrium expression & constant The equilibrium expression is an expression that links the equilibrium constant, Kc, to the concentrations of reactants an...
Le Chatelier's Principle Position of the equilibrium The position of the equilibrium refers to the relative amounts of products and reactants in an equilibrium mixture. When the position of equilib...
Reversible Reactions & Dynamic Equilibrium Reversible reaction Some reactions go to completion where the reactants are used up to form the products and the reaction stops when all of the reacta...
Oxidising & Reducing Agents Oxidising agent An oxidising agent is a substance that oxidises another atom or ion by causing it to lose electrons An oxidising agent itself gets reduced – gains el...
