Transition Elements: Ligands & Complex Formation Transition element ions can form complexes which consist of a central metal ion and ligands Copper(II) and cobalt(II) ions will be used as examp...
Effects of the 3d & 4s Subshells on Oxidation States of the Transition Elements Transition elements can have variable oxidation states These variable oxidation states can be formed as the 3d an...
Define Transition Element Transition elements are d-block elements which form one or more stable ions with an incomplete d subshell They are all metals found in the d-block of the Periodic Table, b...
Effect of Ionic Radius on Thermal Stability of Group 2 Nitrates & Carbonates The Group 2 nitrates and carbonates become more thermally stable going down the group The charge density of the cati...
Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Catalysis Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway which has a lower activation energy Catalysts can be either homogeneous or hete...
Effect of Temperature on the Rate Constant At higher temperatures, a greater proportion of molecules have energy greater than than the activation energy Since the rate constant and rate of reaction...
Kinetics of Multi-Step Reactions The reaction mechanism of a reaction describes how many steps are involved in the making and breaking of bonds during a chemical reaction It is the slowest step in ...
Calculating the Rate Constant The rate constant (k) of a reaction can be calculated using: The initial rates and the rate equation The half-life Calculating the rate constant from the initial rate ...
First Order Reaction Half-life The half-life of a first-order reaction is independent of the concentration of reactants This means that despite the concentrations of the reactants decreasing during...
