Core Practical 10: Investigating Electrochemical Cells Measuring the EMF of a cell To measure a cell EMF you will need Two small beakers, around 75 cm3 capacity Strips of suitable metals suc...
Core Practical 9: Finding Ka for a Weak Acid The Ka of a weak acid may be determined by finding the pH at the half equivalence point At the half equivalence point Ka = [H+] Key steps in the ...
Types of Column Chromatography Column Chromatography In column chromatography, the column is often a long vertical glass tube or in the laboratory a burette is suitable An inert solid (usual...
Thin Layer Chromatography Principles of Chromatography Chromatography is a technique that enables the separation of mixtures and includes: thin-layer chromatography (TLC) column chromatograp...
Proton NMR - Introduction Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used for analysing organic compounds All samples are measured against a reference compound – Tetramethylsilane (TMS) Tetr...
Using Carbon-13 Data Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used for analysing organic compounds Atoms with odd mass numbers usually show signals on NMR For example, isotopes of at...
Using Mass Spectra At AS level, you have used mass spectrometry to determine: Relative atomic mass from isotopic abundance Possible molecular formulae from molecular ion peaks Organic struct...
Melting & Boiling Point Determination Melting point determination The melting point of a solid is indicative of its purity and identity A melting point can be matched to a known substanc...
Purification Methods There are different methods to purify organic compounds, including: Solvent extraction / use of a separating funnel Use of drying agents Recrystallisation Solvent extrac...
