Translation in Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells have a less complex ultrastructure than eukaryotic cells Eukaryote cells are divided up into membrane-bound compartments called organelles Transcription...
Structure of Ribosomes Ribosomes are found in cells Either freely in the cytoplasm (of all cells) Or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form rough ER (only in eukaryotic cells) Ribosomes ar...
Initiation of Translation Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process. During translation, the specific sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated t...
Skills: Analysing DNA Methylation Patterns Methylation of DNA Methyl groups (-CH3) can be directly added to DNA to change the activity of a gene DNA methylation commonly involves the direct additio...
Modification of RNA In all kingdoms of life, gene expression can be regulated after an mRNA transcript has been produced Post-transcriptional modification of mRNA Helps prevent degradation mRNA is ...
Nucleosomes Regulate Transcription Nucleosomes are the structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes that facilitate supercoiling Within a nucleosome, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histone...
Environment & Gene Expression Environment and Gene Expression An organism’s internal or external environment can influence gene expression patterns The levels of regulatory proteins or transcri...
The Promoter Region The function of the promoter Only some DNA sequences code for the production of polypeptides, these are called coding sequences Non-coding sequences produce functional RNA molec...
Skills: Nucleosomes & Molecular Visualisation Software Molecular visualisation software can be used to help understand molecular structures Macromolecules like protein, DNA, RNA and complex car...
