Avogadro's Law Volumes of gases In 1811 the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro developed a theory about the volume of gases Avogadro’s law (also called Avogadro’s hypothesis) enables the mole ratio ...
Reaction Yields Percentage yield In a lot of reactions, not all reactants react to form products which can be due to several factors: Other reactions take place simultaneously The reaction does not...
Reacting Masses & Limiting Reactants The number of moles of a substance can be found by using the following equation: It is important to be clear about the type of particle you are referring to...
Empirical & Molecular Formulae The molecular formula is the formula that shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule E.g. the molecular formula of ethanoic acid is C2H4O2 The empirical...
Moles, Particles & Masses Since atoms are so small, any sensible laboratory quantity of substance must contain a huge number of atoms Such numbers are not convenient to work with, so using mole...
The Mole The Avogadro constant (NA or L) is the number of particles equivalent to the relative atomic mass or molecular mass of a substance in grams The Avogadro constant applies to atoms, molecule...
State Changes Changes of state are physical changes that are reversible These changes do not change the chemical properties or chemical makeup of the substances involved Vaporization includes evapo...
Balancing Equations A symbol equation is a shorthand way of describing a chemical reaction using chemical symbols to show the number and type of each atom in the reactants and products A word equat...
Elements & Compounds Elements are substances made from one kind of atom Compounds are made from two or more elements chemically combined Elements take part in chemical reactions in which new su...
