Nuclear Energy Levels In the same way that electrons can exist in excited states, nuclei can also exist in excited states After an unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle, beta particle or undergo...
Deviations from Rutherford Scattering In the Rutherford scattering experiment, alpha particles are fired at a thin gold foil Some of the alpha particles are found to come straight back from the gol...
Nuclear Scattering Electrons accelerated to close to the speed of light have wave-like properties such as the ability to diffract and have a de Broglie wavelength equal to: Where: h = Planck's con...
Rutherford Scattering & Nuclear Radius In the Rutherford scattering experiment, alpha particles are fired at a thin gold foil Initially, before interacting with the foil, the particles have kin...
Tunnelling Single potential wells lead to quantised energy levels and their associated wavefunctions The wavefunction extends throughout space However, for infinitely deep square wells the wavefunc...
为了向大学招生官展示你的学术能力，在高中期间选修AP课程很重要，而AP课程门类繁多，如果没有明确的目标专业，选课会令人感到非常头秃。在很多成功的申请案例中，有手握十几门AP 5分的学生，也有只考一两门AP的...
The Uncertainty Principle The quantisation of energy levels and their associated wave functions leads to some surprising outcomes One of these outcomes is known as the uncertainty principle The unc...
The Wave Function Bohr showed that the angular momentum of an electron orbiting a hydrogen atom was quantised He also showed that the allowed electron energies were also quantised Unfortunately, th...
Quantization of Angular Momentum Angular momentum is a property of any spinning or rotating body, very similar to linear momentum In linear motion, momentum is the product of mass and velocity In r...
Pair Production & Annihilation Annihilation When a particle meets its antiparticle pair, the two will annihilate Annihilation is: When a particle meets its equivalent anti–particle they both ar...
Matter Waves De Broglie proposed that electrons travel through space as a wave This would explain why they can exhibit behaviour such as diffraction He therefore suggested that electrons must also ...
Solving Photoelectric Problems Since energy is always conserved, the energy of an incident photon is equal to: The work function + the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron The energy within ...
