Halogenation of Alkanes Free-radical substitution of alkanes Alkanes can undergo free-radical substitution in which a hydrogen atom gets substituted by a halogen (chlorine/bromine) Since alkanes a...
Unreactive Alkanes Strength of C-H bonds Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded together by single bonds Unless a lot of heat is supplied, it is difficult to break these stro...
Benzene Kekulé structure for benzene Kekulé suggested that benzene was a hexagon with three double bonds It was therefore equivalent to three ethene molecules Problems with Kekulé’s structure for b...
Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Atoms Alcohols and halogenoalkanes Primary alcohols and halogenoalkanes are those in which the carbon atom bonded to the functional group is attached to one other...
3-D Modelling Representing 3-D molecules on a 2D surface is not easy and the best way to understand 3-D structures is to use modelling kits or 3-D modelling software, such as ACD Labs ChemSketch Fo...
Organic Nitrogen Compounds Amines There are three organic nitrogen families that you need to know: amines, amides and nitriles Amine is the name given to compounds containing the functional group a...
Carboxylic Acids & Esters Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids is the name given to compounds containing the functional group carboxyl, -COOH The general formula of a carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COO...
Carbonyls Carbonyl is the collective name for compounds containing the functional group C=O The general formula of a carbonyl is CnH2nO The two sub-families of carbonyls are aldehyde and ketone (kn...
Alcohols & Ethers Alcohols Alcohols are a family of molecules that contain the hydroxyl functional group, -OH Their general formula is CnH2n+1OH The nomenclature of alcohols follows the patter...
