Edexcel IGCSE Geography 复习笔记 4.2.1 Impacts of Economic Sectors

• The UK is in the post-industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model
• It was the first country to experience the Industrial Revolution
• In the 1800s jobs in primary economic activities were rapidly declining reaching 15% in 1900
• In 1900 most people (over 60%) worked in secondary economic activities and tertiary economic activities were also steadily increasing
• In the 1950s tertiary economic activities overtook secondary economic activities as the main employment sector
• In 2021 over 70% of people in the UK are employed in tertiary economic activities
• These changes have both positive and negative impacts

% Employment in Economic Sectors 2020 - UK

Positive Impacts

• Deindustrialisation has led to improvements in the environment and decreased levels of pollution
• UK has developed expertise in secondary and tertiary economic activities which are in demand around the world
• London is the second most important financial centre in the world after New York

Negative Impacts

• Deindustrialisation led to high numbers of job losses particularly in the north of the UK
• Job losses in secondary industry led to large areas of deprivation especially in inner cities such as Liverpool and Leeds
• Increasing numbers of transnational corporations (TNCs) have moved their factories and offices to emerging and developing countries

• China is in the industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model
• In 1950 over 80% of the population were employed in primary economic activities - mainly agriculture
• In 1978 China opened up to trade with the rest of the world and invested heavily in manufacturing
• By 2005 primary economic sector employment had dropped below 50% and most people were employed in secondary and tertiary economic activities
• In 2020 tertiary economic activity employment was increasingly important

% Employment in Economic Sectors 2020- China 

Positive Impacts

• Improved incomes and higher standard of living
• More investment in education and health services
• Increased investment by transnational corporations (TNCs)
• Investment in roads, airports, ports and other infrastructure

Negative Impacts

• Increasing gap between regions as some areas economies grow more rapidly
• Increased gap between rich and poor, particularly in gap between wealthier urban residents and poorer rural residents
• Air, water and noise pollution all increased
• Increased reliance on fossil fuels to supply energy which makes China one of the world's largest CO₂ emitters

• Kenya is in the pre-industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model
• Over 50% of the population are currently employed in agriculture, this has decreased from over 60% in 2010
• There is very little secondary economic activity due to a lack of resources and infrastructure
• Tertiary economic activities have rapidly increased  - much of this is related to tourism

% Employment in Economic Sectors 2020 - Kenya

Positive Impacts

• Improved incomes and higher standard of living
• More investment in education and health
• Increased investment by transnational corporations (TNCs)
• Investment in roads, airports, ports and other infrastructure

Negative Impacts

• Increased rural-urban migration which leads to the development of informal settlements
• Increased gap between rich and poor, particularly in gap between wealthier urban residents and poorer rural residents
• Much of the profits from commercial farming and tourism go to TNCs rather than local people
• Jobs in the tertiary economic sector are often low-paid jobs in tourism
• Increased tourism can have negative impacts on the environment and animal habitats