AQA A Level Chemistry复习笔记1.3.3 Reacting Volumes

• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent to make 1 dm3 of  solution
  • The solute is the substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution
  • The solvent is often water

   

• A concentrated solution is a solution that has a high concentration of solute
• A dilute solution is a solution with a low concentration of solute
• When carrying out calculations involve concentrations in mol dm-3 the following points need to be considered:
  • Change mass in grams to moles
  • Change cm3 to dm3

   

• To calculate the mass of a substance present in solution of known concentration and volume:
  • Rearrange the concentration equation

   

number of moles (mol) = concentration (mol dm-3) x volume (dm3)

• • Multiply the moles of solute by its molar mass

mass of solute (g) = number of moles (mol) x molar mass (g mol-1)

Answer

Step 1: Write the balanced symbol equation

CaCO3  +  2HCl  →  CaCl2  +  H2O  +  CO2

Step 2: Calculate the amount, in moles, of calcium carbonate that reacts

Step 3: Calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid required using the reaction’s stoichiometry

1 mol of CaCO3 requires 2 mol of HCl

So 0.025 mol of CaCO3 requires 0.05 mol of HCl

Step 4: Calculate the volume of HCl required

Volume of hydrochloric acid = 0.05 dm3

Answer

Step 1: Write the balanced symbol equation

Na2CO3  +  2HCl  →  2NaCl  +  H2O  +  CO2

Step 2: Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium carbonate reacted by rearranging the equation for amount of substance (mol) and dividing the volume by 1000 to convert cm3 to dm3

amount (Na2CO3) = 0.025 dm3 x 0.050 mol dm-3 = 0.00125 mol

Step 3: Calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid required using the reaction’s stoichiometry

1 mol of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 mol of HCl, so the molar ratio is 1 : 2

Therefore 0.00125 moles of Na2CO3 react with 0.00250 moles of HCl

Step 4: Calculate the concentration, in mol dm-3, of hydrochloric acid

concentration (HCl) (mol dm-3) = 0.125 mol dm-3

Volumes of gases

• Avogadro suggested that ‘equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules’ (also called Avogadro’s hypothesis)
• At room temperature (20 degrees Celsius) and pressure (1 atm) one mole of any gas has a volume of 24.0 dm3
• This molar gas volume of 24.0 dm3 mol-1 can be used  to find:
  • The volume of a given mass or number of moles of gas:

   

volume of gas (dm3) = amount of gas (mol) x 24 dm3 mol-1

• The mass or number of moles of a given volume of gas:

Answer