2013 (Denmark)IPO国际哲学奥林匹克竞赛主题
“In the principle that subjectivity, inwardness, is the truth, there is comprehended the Socratic wisdom, whose everlasting merit it was to have become aware of the essential significance of existence, of the fact that the knower is an existing individual. For this reason Socrates was in the truth by virtue of his ignorance in the highest sense in which this was possible within paganism.”
Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments(1846).
“A tragedy, then, is the imitation of a noble and complete action, having a certain magnitude, made in a language spiced up by diverse kinds of embellishment brought in separately in the parts of the work. This imitation is achieved through characters, not through narration; and, through pity and fears, it accomplishes the catharsis of such emotions. By ‘language spiced up’ I mean a language with rhythm, harmony and song; by ‘kinds of embellishments brought in separately in the parts of the work’ I mean that some parts are worked out in verse only and others with song.”
Aristotle, Poetics, 6, 1449 b 24-28.
“A legally unrestricted majority rule, that is, a democracy without a constitution, can be very formidable in the suppression of the rights of minorities and very effective in the suffocation of dissent without any use of violence.”
Hannah Arendt, On Violence (1970).
Zigong asked: “Is there one word that can serve as a principle of conduct for life?” Confucius replied, “It is the word shu, or reciprocity: Do not do to others what you do not want them to do to you.”
To what extent may this formulation of the Golden Rule, which can also be found in other cultures throughout history, be considered as a universal moral principle?
Confucius (vi-v century bc), Analects 15.23
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