Oxidation Numbers The oxidation numbers (also known as oxidation state) is a number given to each atom or ion in a compound to keep track of how many electrons they have In a single ion or molecula...
Hess Cycles Hess’s Law states that:"The total enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is independent of the route by which the chemical reaction takes place as long as the initial and final conditio...
Enthalpy & Bond Energies During a reaction, enthalpy changes take place because bonds are being broken and formed Energy (in the form of heat) is needed to overcome attractive forces between at...
Enthalpy Changes at Standard Conditions To fairly compare the changes in enthalpy between reactions, all reactions should be carried out under standard conditions These standard conditions are: A p...
Energy Level Diagrams An energy level diagram is a diagram that shows the energies of the reactants, the transition state(s) and the products of the reaction with time The transition state is a sta...
Enthalpy Changes The total chemical energy inside a substance is called the enthalpy (or heat content) When chemical reactions take place, changes in chemical energy take place and therefore the en...
Effects of Bonding & Structure on Physical Properties Different types of structure and bonding have different effects on the physical properties of substances such as their melting and boiling ...
Lattice Structures Most ionic, metallic and covalent compounds are crystalline lattice The ions, atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular and repeating arrangement Giant ionic lattices An ionic...
Gases: Ideal Gas Law & Equation Kinetic theory of gases The kinetic theory of gases states that molecules in gases are constantly moving The theory makes the following assumptions: The gas mole...
