Electrophilic Addition The double bond in alkenes is an area of high electron density (there are four electrons found in this double bond) This makes the double bond susceptible to attack by...
Bonding in Alkenes Each carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell (electronic configuration: 1s22s22p2) Carbon atoms share these four electrons in four covalent bonds with other atom...
Describing Alkenes All alkenes contain a double carbon bond, which is shown as two lines between two of the carbon atoms i.e. C=C All alkenes contain a double carbon bond, which is the funct...
Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes Alkanes can undergo free-radical substitution in which a hydrogen atom gets substituted by a halogen (chlorine / bromine) Since alkanes are very unreacti...
Catalytic Converters To reduce the amount of pollutants released in car exhaust fumes, many cars are now fitted with catalytic converters Precious metals (such as platinum) are coated on a h...
Causes & Effects of Pollution Alkanes are combusted (burnt) on a large scale for their use as fuels Complete combustion When alkanes are burnt in excess (plenty of) oxygen, complete comb...
Alkane Fuels Alkanes are obtained from the fractional distillation and cracking of crude oil Fractional distillation of crude oil Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing alkanes, c...
Describing Alkanes Hydrocarbons are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only There are four families of hydrocarbons you should know: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes Alkanes, alken...
E/Z Isomerism Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same atoms connected to each other, however the atoms are differently arranged in space Geometrical (E/Z) isomerism Geometrical isomer...
