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Edexcel IGCSE Physics 复习笔记 6.2.4 Transformer Equations

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Edexcel IGCSE Physics 复习笔记 6.2.4 Transformer Equations

The Transformer Equation

The output potential difference (voltage) of a transformer depends on:
- The number of turns on the primary and secondary coils
- The input potential difference (voltage)

It can be calculated using the equation:

7.3.6-Transformer-Equation-1

This equation can be written using symbols as follows:

7.3.6-Transformer-Equation-2

Where
- V_p = potential difference (voltage) across the primary coil in volts (V)
- V_s = potential difference (voltage) across the secondary coil in volts (V)
- n_p = number of turns on primary coil
- n_s = number of turns on secondary coil

The equation above can be flipped upside down to give:

7.3.6-Transformer-Equation-3

The equations above show that:
- The ratio of the potential differences across the primary and secondary coils of a transformer is equal to the ratio of the number of turns on each coil

Step-up Transformer

A step-up transformer increases the potential difference of a power source
A step-up transformer has more turns on the secondary coil than on the primary coil (N_s > N_p)

Step-down Transformer

A step-down transformer decreases the potential difference of a power source
A step-down transformer has fewer turns on the secondary coil than on the primary coil (N_s < N_p)

Worked Example

A transformer has 20 turns on the primary coil and 800 turns on the secondary coil. The input potential difference across the primary coil is 500 V.

a) Calculate the output potential difference

b) State what type of transformer it is

13.1.6-Transformer-Worked-Example-a_2

13.1.6-Transformer-Worked-Example-b

Exam Tip

When you are using the transformer equation make sure you have used the same letter (p or s) in the numerators (top line) of the fraction and the same letter (p or s) in the denominators (bottom line) of the fraction.There will be less rearranging to do in a calculation if the variable which you are trying to find is on the numerator (top line) of the fraction.The individual loops of wire going around each side of the transformer should be referred to as turns and not coils.

The Ideal Transformer Equation

An ideal transformer would be 100% efficient
- Although transformers can increase the voltage of a power source, due to the law of conservation of energy, they cannot increase the power output

If a transformer is 100% efficient:

Input power = Output power

The equation to calculate electrical power is:

P = V × I

Where:
- P = power in Watts (W)
- V = potential difference in volts (V)
- I = current in amps (A)

Therefore, if a transformer is 100% efficient then:

V_p × I_p = V_s × I_s

Where:
- V_p = potential difference across primary coil in volts (V)
- I_p = current through primary coil in Amps (A)
- V_s = potential difference across secondary coil in volts (V)
- I_s = current through secondary coil in Amps (A)

The equation above could also be written as:

P_s = V_p × I_p

Where:
- P_s = output power (power produced in secondary coil) in Watts (W)

Worked Example

A transformer in a travel adapter steps up a 115 V ac mains electricity supply to the 230 V needed for a hair dryer. A current of 5 A flows through the hairdryer.Assuming that the transformer is 100% efficient, calculate the current drawn from the mains supply.

Step 1: List the known quantities