International Young Physicists’ Tournament(IYPT)全球青年物理学家锦标赛,也被称为“Physics World Cup(物理世界杯)”,是一个需要中学生组队参赛的科学学术活动。自1988年起,一年一度的IYPT从一个苏联地方性俄语的学术活动逐渐成长为一个全球最大最具声望的国际物理学术活动之一。参与者需分享展示他们准备了好几个月的科学问题解决方案,与其他团队一起研究辩论,这个形式成为Physics Fights(PF),并最终将由国际专家组成的评审团对Reporter展示者、Opponent竞争者以及Reviewer评审员等进行评分。
2018年第31届IYPT将在北京举行,由The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China (RDFZ)中国人民大学附属中学举办。由于是国家级赛事且每个参赛国家仅只有一个团队代表,因此中国参赛队选拔将从China Young Physicists’ Tournament(CYPT)中国高中生物理创新学术活动中的优胜者组成。
CYPT全程参考IYPT举办的全国性赛事,旨在提高学生综合运用所学知识分析解决实际物理问题的能力,培养学生的开放性思维能力。2018年CYPT将由南开大学举办,参赛学生就一些实际物理问题进行团队合作研究,然后就其物理知识、理论分析、实验方案、结果讨论等进行辩论性比赛。不仅可以锻炼学生的科研素质, 还能培养学生的合作精神和交流表达能力,使学生的知识、能力和素质全面协调发展。重点是南开大学将对参加训练营的学生进行学科考核认定并颁发南开大学物理学科等级证书,获得A等级认定资格的同学若高考报考南开大学并被录取,在南开大学物理伯苓班(即南开大学物理拔尖学生培养试验计划)选拔时优先录取。
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每年由International Organizing Committee (IOC)国际组织委员会确认题目并确保不晚于10月发布。2018年官方发出共17题学术活动题目,原题为英文如下所示,翻译仅供参考:
Construct a simple seismograph that amplifies a local disturbance by mechanical, optical or electrical methods. Determine the typical response curve of your device and investigate the parameters of the damping constant. What is the maximum amplification that you can achieve?
制作一个保护生鸡蛋的被动装置,使得生鸡蛋从2.5m的高度落到硬表面时能够安全着陆。该装置必须与鸡蛋一同落下。你能做到的该装置的最小尺寸是多少?
If a coloured material is ground to a powder, in some cases the resulting powder may have a different colour to that of the original material. Investigate how the degree of grinding affects the apparent colour of the powder.
如果将有色材料研磨成粉末,在某些情况下,所得到的粉末可能具有与原始材料不同的颜色。调查研磨程度如何影响粉末的表观颜色。
Take a strongly cooled bottle and put a coin on its neck. Over time you will hear a noise and see movements of the coin. Explain this phenomenon and investigate how the relevant parameters affect the dance.
把一个硬币放在一个极度冷却的瓶子的瓶颈口上,一段时间后你会听到声音并观察到这个硬币的运动。解释这一现象,并调查相关参数如何影响这个舞蹈。
Construct a Heron’s fountain and explain how it works. Investigate how the relevant parameters affect the height of the water jet.
构造一个海伦喷泉并解释它怎样工作。研究相关参数是如何影响水柱高度的。
When a drinking straw is placed in a glass of carbonated drink, it can rise up, sometimes toppling over the edge of the glass. Investigate and explain the motion of the straw and determine the conditions under which the straw will topple.
当吸管放置在碳酸饮料中时,它可能会浮起来,甚至有时候会翻倒在杯沿上。请研究并结束吸管的运动,解释吸管会翻倒的条件。
An oiled horizontal cylindrical shaft rotates around its axis at constant speed. Make a ring from a cardboard disc with the inner diameter roughly twice the diameter of the shaft and put the ring on the shaft. Depending on the tilt of the ring, it can travel along the shaft in either direction. Investigate the phenomenon.
先让涂油的水平圆柱轴以恒定的速度饶其轴线旋转,再用纸板制作一个圆环,内径为轴直径的两倍,并将其放在圆柱轴上。由于倾斜,圆环可以沿着轴的任一方向行进。请研究这个现象。
Non-adhesive granular materials can be poured such that they form a cone-like pile. Investigate the parameters that affect the formation of the cone and the angle it makes with the ground.
非粘性颗粒材料可以被浇筑成一个圆锥型的桩。研究影响椎体形成的参数及其与地面的角度。
A horizontal cylinder is partially filled with a viscous fluid. When the cylinder is rotated around its axis, unusual fluid behaviour can be observed, such as cusp-like shapes on the walls of the cylinder. Investigate the phenomenon.
一个水平圆柱内部分填充粘性流体,当圆柱体绕其轴线旋转时,可以观察到异常的流体行为,如圆柱体壁上的尖端形状。研究这个现象。
Add some weight to a candle such that it barely floats in water. As the candle burns, it may continue to float. Investigate and explain this phenomenon.
当给在水中的蜡烛加些重量后,他就几乎无法在水中漂浮。但是当蜡烛燃烧时,它可能继续漂浮在水面。请研究并解释这个现象。
A Tesla valve is a fixed-geometry, passive, one-direction valve. A Tesla valve offers a resistance to flow that is much greater in one direction compared to the other. Create such a Tesla valve and investigate its relevant parameters.
特斯拉阀是一个固定几何形状的、被动式单向阀(瓣膜管道)。选定一个方向后,一个特斯拉阀可以在相反方向上提供了一个大得多的流动阻力(即提供单向流体通道)。请创建一个这样的特斯拉阀并研究其相关参数。
Fix one end of a horizontal elastic rod to a rigid stand. Support the other end of the rod with a taut string to avoid vertical deflection and suspend a bob from it on another string (see figure). In the resulting pendulum the radial oscillations (parallel to the rod) can spontaneously convert into azimuthal oscillations (perpendicular to the rod) and vice versa. Investigate the phenomenon.
将水平弹性杆的一端固定在刚性支架上。用一根绷紧的绳子支撑弹性杆的另一端以避免垂直偏转,并将一个垂摆从另一根弦上悬挂下来(如图所示)。在产生的钟摆运动中,径向震荡(平行于杆)可以自发的转变为方位震荡(垂直于杆),反之亦然。研究这个现象。
Make a nickel disc that can rotate freely around its axis. Place a magnet near the edge of the disc and heat this side of it. The disc starts to rotate. Investigate the parameters affecting the rotation and optimize the design for a steady motion.
制作一个可以绕轴自由旋转的镍盘,在圆盘的边缘放一块磁铁并加热这一面。圆盘开始旋转。请研究影响旋转的参数并对圆盘的稳定运动做优化设计。
It is commonly known that an hourglass changes its weight (as measured by a scale) while flowing. Investigate this phenomenon.
众所周知,沙漏的质量(以某种方式称量)会随沙子的流动而发生变化,请研究这一现象。
When taking a picture of a glowing lantern at night, a number of rays emanating from the centre of the lantern may appear in the pictures. Explain and investigate this phenomenon.
在晚上给一个点燃的提灯拍照,会有大量从提灯中心发出的光线显示在照片上,请研究并解释这一现象。
When blowing on a soap film in a ring, a bubble may be formed. The liquid film may pop or continue to exist. Investigate how the number of bubbles produced from a single soap film and the characteristics of the bubbles depend on the relevant parameters.
当你吹一个有肥皂泡膜的圆环时,可能会吹出一个肥皂泡泡。而这个肥皂泡的液体表面会破掉也可能会继续存在。请尝试研究相关参数如何决定一个液面可以生成的泡泡数量以及生成的泡泡特征。
Small objects can levitate in acoustic standing waves. Investigate the phenomenon. To what extent can you manipulate the objects?
较小的物体可以在声学驻波中悬浮,试着研究这一现象。请问你可以多大程度的操纵这个物体?
The current craze of water bottle flipping involves launching a partially filled plastic bottle into the air so that it performs a somersault before landing on a horizontal surface in a stable, upright position. Investigate the phenomenon and determine the parameters that will result in a successful flip.
当下有个十分热门的水瓶投掷游戏:把一个半满的塑料水瓶扔到半空中,它会翻几个筋斗后平稳垂直的掉落在水平面上。请研究这个现象并解释什么样的参数可以使游戏成功。
Authors: John Balcombe, Samuel Byland, Nikita Chernikov, Kent Hogan, Mihály Hömöstrei, Dina Izadi, Andrei Klishin, Frantisek Kundracik, Ilya Martchenko, Florian Ostermaier, Jelena Pajovic, Kerry Parker, Carmen Parton, Oksana Pshenichko, Igor Timoshchenko, Lise
Problem selection committee: John Balcombe, Samuel Byland, Ilya Martchenko
Epigraph selected by Evgeny Yunosov
The Winners’ Cup奖杯:决赛中胜出的队伍
1st place Certificates & Gold Medals第一名证书及金牌:所有参与决赛的队伍
2nd place Certificates & Silver Medals第二名证书及银牌:未参加决赛中排名前五的团队
3rd place Certificates & Bronze medals第三名证书及铜牌:所有完成决赛的学生排名前50%的团队
Certificates of Participation参与证书:所有剩余学生都将获得
各团队领队也将获得各自团队的排名。
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