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pH Meters & Universal Indicator The most accurate way to determine the pH is by reading it off a pH meter The pH meter is connected to the pH electrode which shows the pH value of the solution ...
Acid-Base Calculations Using the relationships between pH, [H⁺] and [OH⁻] a variety of problems can be solved pH = - log [H+] and Kw = [H+] [OH-] Test your understanding on the following work...
The Ionic Product of Water pH of water An equilibrium exists in water where few water molecules dissociate into proton and hydroxide ions H2O(l) ⇌ H+(aq) + OH-(aq) The equilibrium constant for this...
Interpreting pH The pH scale is a numerical scale that shows how acidic or alkaline a solution is The values on the pH scale go from 0-14 (extremely acidic substances have values of below 0) All ac...
pH & [H⁺] The acidity of an aqueous solution depends on the number of H+ (H3O+) ions in solution The pH is defined as: where [H+] is the concentration of H+ in mol dm–3 The pH scale is a logari...
Acid-Base Titrations The steps involved in performing a titration and titration calculation are outlined in Topic 1.2.9 Titrations Acid-base titrations follow the same steps and are used to find th...
Neutralization A neutralisation reaction is one in which an acid (pH <7) and a base/alkali (pH >7) react together to form water (pH = 7) and a salt The proton of the acid reacts with the hydr...
Characteristic Reactions of Acids Metals and acids The typical reaction of a metal and an acid can be summarized as acid + metal → salt + hydrogen For example: 2HCl (aq) + Zn (s) → ...
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a species that can donate a proton A Brønsted-Lowry base is a species that can accept a proton In a reaction equilibrium the products are formed a...
