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Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions In nucleophilic substitution reactions involving halogenoalkanes, the halogen atom is replaced by a nucleophile The strength of any nucleophile depends on its ab...
Electroplating As we have seen, electrolysis with active electrodes involves the deposit of metals onto the surface of the cathode Electroplating involves the electrolytic coating of an object with...
Free Energy & Eº Previously we have seen the concept and term free energy, ΔGθ Free energy is a measure of the available energy to do useful work and takes into account the entropy change, ΔSθ,...
Quantitative Electrolysis Michael Faraday showed, in 1833, that the amount of products obtained is dependent on the quantity of electrical charge passed through the cell Electrical charge is a meas...
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions We have seen previously how simple binary compounds can be electrolysed when molten and the products of electrolysis can be predicted using our knowledge of the io...
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode The absolute value of a half cell potential cannot be measured, only differences in potential between pairs of half-cells. For this reason, it is necessary to have a...
Electrochemical Cells We have seen previously that redox reactions involve simultaneous oxidation and reduction as electrons flow from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent Which way electrons ...
Acid & Base Calculations pH The acidity of an aqueous solution depends on the number of H3O+ ions in solution pH is defined as: pH = -log [H3O+] Where [H3O+] is the concentration of H3O+ ions i...
Acid & Base Dissociation Constants Weak acids A weak acid is an acid that partially (or incompletely) dissociates in aqueous solutions For example, most carboxylic acids (e.g. ethanoic acid), H...
